Narration

                 Narration (Direct and
Indirect Speech)
Narration (উক্তি)
বক্তার উক্তিকে এক কথায় Narration
বলে।
একজন বক্তার উক্তিকে দুই ভাবে
ব্যক্ত করা যায় :
1. Direct speech :বক্তার বক্তব্যকে
হুবহু তার নিজের ভাষায় ব্যক্ত
করা।
যেমন : Robi said to Arif, “I will go to
Dhaka.”
2.Indirect speech : বক্তার বক্তব্যকে
অবিকল তার নিজের ভাষায়
ব্যক্ত না করে, পরোক্ষ ভাবে
অন্যের ভাষায় ব্যক্ত করা।
যেমন : Robi said to Arif that he would go
to Dhaka.
Reporting and Reported Speech / Verb :
Direct speech -এ
inverted comma এর ভেতরের অংশকে
Reported speech
inverted comma এর ভেতরের verb কে
Reported verb
inverted comma এর বাহিরের অংশকে
Reporting speech এবং
inverted comma এর বাহিরের verb কে
Reporting verb বলা হয়।
যেমন : Robisaid to Arif , “ I play football.”
এখানে,
Reported speech হচ্ছে I play football,
যেখানে Reported verb – play
Reporting speech হচ্ছে Robi said to Arif,
যেখানে Reporting verb – said
Reporting verb এর subject হচ্ছে Robi
Reporting verb এর object হচ্ছে Arif
Direct speech কে indirect speech এ
পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম :
Direct speech কে indirect speech এ
পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম ৪ টি সাধারন
নিয়ম নিম্নরুপ:
১. Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করার
সময় Reported speech এর inverted comma
উঠে গিয়ে তার পূর্বে that বসে।
২. Reported speech এর pronoun সব সময়
Reporting verb এর subject/object এর
number ও person অনুসারে
পরিবর্তিত হয়।
৩. Reporting speech এর tense অনুসারে
reported speech এর tense পরিবর্তিত
হয়।
৪. Reported speech এর adverb (যদি
থাকে) পরিবর্তিত হয়।
যেমন :
Direct speech : Robi said to Arif , “ I will go to
Dhaka today.”
Indirect speech : Robi said to Arif that he
would go to Dhaka that day .
Some Changes of Words in Indirect Speech
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
May Might
Next night/
week/year
The following night/ week/year
Can Could Here There
Shall / Will Should / Would Thus So / that way Must Had to / Must
(Factual
Truth)
Today That day /Yesterday Last night/ week/ year.The previous night/week/year Yesterday
The previous day
Ago Before Tomorrow The next
day A year
ago
A year
before/
the
previous
year
The day
before
yesterday
Two days
before
Tonight That
night
The day
after
tomorrow
In two
days of
time
This That Now Then
These Those Come Go
Indirect speech এ Reported speech এর
Person পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
১. Reported speech এর First Person (I,
we) সব সময় Reporting verb এর subject
এর number ও person অনুসারে
পরিবর্তিত হয়।
যেমন :
Direct speech : Robi said to Arif, “ I will go
to Dhaka.”
Indirect speech : Robi said to Arif that he
would go to Dhaka.
এখানে, Direct speech এ Reported
speech এর First Person – ‘I ’ এবং
Reporting verb এর subject ‘ Robi’ ( Third
Person ) ।তাই Indirect speech এ ‘I’
পরিবর্তিত হয়ে বসেছে he ( Third
Person ) ।
২. Reported speech এর Second Person
(you) সব সময় Reporting verb এর object
এর number ও person অনুসারে
পরিবর্তিত হয়।
যেমন :
Direct speech : Robi said to Arif , “ You will
go to Dhaka.”
Indirect speech : Robi said to Arif that he
(Arif) would go to Dhaka.
এখানে, Direct speech এ Reported
speech এর First Person – ‘You ’ এবং
Reporting verb এর object ‘Arif( Third
Person ) ।তাই Indirect speech এ ‘ You’’
পরিবর্তিত হয়ে বসেছে he ( Third
Person ) ।
৩. Reported speech এর Third Person (Arif,
He, She, It, His) এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
যেমন :
Direct speech : Robi said to Arif, “ He will
go to Dhaka today.”
Indirect speech : Robi said to Arif that he
would go to Dhaka that day.
Rules for Changing Tenses in Indirect
Speech
Direct Speech এর Reporting verb টি যদি
Present বা Future Tense হয়,
তাহলে Indirect করার সময়
Reporting speech এর tense এর কোন
পরিবর্তন হয় না।
যেমন :
Direct speech : Rakib says , “ I can play
football.”
Indirect speech : Rakib says that he can play
football.
Direct speech : Rakib will say , “ I went to
school.”
Indirect speech : Rakib will say that he went
to school.
কিন্তু Reporting verb টি যদি Past Tense
(said ) হয়, তাহলে Indirect করার সময়
Reporting speech এর tense নিম্নানুসারে
পরিবর্তিত হয় :
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Indefinite
TenseHe said, “I eat
rice”
Past
Indefinite  Tense (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he ate rice.
Present Continuous
TenseHe said, “I am
going to Dhaka”
Past Continuous
Tense (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he was
going to Dhaka.
Present Perfect
TenseHe said, “I have
started a new
business”
Past Perfect Tense (-
এ পরিবর্তিত
হয়)He said that he
had started a new
business.
Present Perfect
Continuous TenseHe
said, “I have been
drinking tea”
Past Perfect
Continuous (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he had been
drinking tea.
Past Indefinite
TenseHe said, “I
wrote a letter”
Past Perfect Tense (-
এ পরিবর্তিত
হয়)He said that he
had written a letter.
Past Continuous
TenseHe said, “I was
laughing”
Past Perfect
Continuous (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he had been
laughing.
Past Perfect TenseI
said, “she had eaten
a burger”
Past Perfect Tense (-
এ পরিবর্তিত হয়)I
said that she had
eaten a burger.
Future simple,
(will) He said, “I will
buy a car”
Future simple,
(would) (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he would
buy a car.
Future
Continuous, (will
be) He said, “I will be
studying hard”
Future Continuous,
(would be) (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he would be
studying hard.
Future Perfect, (will
have) He said, “I will
have gone to Sylhet”
Future Perfect,
(would have) (-এ
পরিবর্তিত হয়)He
said that he would
have gone to Sylhet.
Note: Reported Speech এ ‘ Past Perfect
Tense’ এবং ‘ Past Perfect Continuous
Tense’ এর person ছাড়া কোন পরিবর্তন
হয় না।